题目内容
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Two chambers of the U.S. Congress are the House of Representatives and the Senate.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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(1).The heart can be compared to a __________________.
A.network
B.valve
C.pump
D.fist
(2).Carbon dioxide is removed from blood in the __________________.
A.heart
B.blood vessels
C.lung
D.cells
(3).Which of the following has NOT been talked about in the above passage？
A.The blood circulatory system.
B.The composition of blood.
C.The function of the heart.
D.Heart valve replacement.
(4).What is the function of septum？
A.To prevent different bloods from mixing.
B.To protect the whole heart.
C.To lubricate the pumping chambers.
D.To separate the lower chambers of the heart.
(5).The valves are __________________.
A.one-way
B.muscular
C.two-way
D.thin
Most reptiles have three chambers in their hearts, although some do have four. But these that have four chambers, such as the crocodile, have two arteries (动脉) to mix the oxygen-heavy blood with oxygen-lean blood. Reptiles are cold-blooded, meaning that they are dependent on the environment for body heat. Yet the fossilized heart had four chambers in the heart as well as a single aorta. The single aorta means that the oxygen-rich blood was completely separated from the oxygen-poor blood and sent through the aorta to all parts of the body.
Mammals, on the other hand, me warm-blooded, meaning that they generate their own body heat end are thus mere tolerant of temperature extremes. Birds and mammals, because they are warm blooded, move more swiftly and have greater physical endurance than reptiles.
Scientists believe that the evidence now points to the idea that all dinosaurs were actually warm- blooded. Ironically, the particular dinosaur in which the discovery was made was a Tescelosaurus, which translates to "marvelous lizard." A lizard, of course, is a reptile.
According to the author, what theory was previously held and now is being questioned？
A．That dinosaurs were warm-blooded.
B．That dinosaurs had four-chambered hearts.
C．That dinosaurs were swifter and stronger than reptiles.
D．That dinosaurs were cold-blooded.
The U.S. Congress
Composition of the U.S. Congress
The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the Federal Government. It is a bicameral (两院制的 ) law-making body of more than 500 members. Its two chambers are respectively called the House of Representatives and the Senate. The American two-house legislature, a product of the compromise between big states and small ones, embodies the American principle of balances and checks. All bills must carry both houses before becoming law.
The Membership and Election of Both Chambers
The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Congress. The membership of the House is distributed among the states according to their different populations. Since 1910, the House has had a permanent membership of 435, with each representative representing about half a million Americans. Under the principle that each state is guaranteed at least one representative, Nevada, a state with a small population, sends only one representative to the House. California has more than 40 Representatives in the House because of its large population.
The election of Representatives is organized by the state legislature which divides the state into a number of districts known as Congressional districts. Each district, with a population of nearly half a million, elects one Representative to the House. A Representative's term of office is set at two years, but there is no limit to the number of his terms. A new Representative can hardly feel easy about his position. Hardly has he begun his work in the Congress when he finds it's time for him to seek re-election.
The Senate is the upper house of the US Congress. Representation in the Senate is based on the principle of state equality. The Senate is comprised of 100 Senators, two from each of the fifty states. Senators have been directly elected by voters of their respective states since 1913. Their term of office is six years. A Senator must be at least thirty years of age and a citizen for nine years.
Senators with Greater Prestige
Generally speaking, Senators are accorded greater prestige than their colleagues in the lower house. Many Representatives aspire to win the election to the Senate. Senators derive their prestige from the following facts. They are less numerous, for there are fewer than one-fourth as many Senators as Representatives, or Congressmen. Elected by the whole state instead of a single congressional district, most Senators represent more constituents than do House members. They are less worried by the problem of seeking re-electives. What's more, the Senate is vested with special powers which it does not share with the House. It has the power to ratify or deny proposed treaties, nominations proposed by the President. In line with the tradition of "senatorial courtesy," the Senate always rejects a nominee who is objected to by a Senator of the state from which he comes.
It won't do to neglect the importance of the Senate in foreign affairs. Without its cooperation and support, the President can hardly take any significant action in foreign relations. A Secretary of State on good terms with the Senators is always important for the President. Foreign countries must try to establish good relations with the US Senate if they intend to make a bargain with the United States.
The Work of the Two Chambers
The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President who functions as a kind of chairman when the Senate is in session. The chief spokesman of the House is known as the speaker who is the leader of the majority party in the House. The Speaker is the most influential figure in the House because he directs his party's forces in legislative battles.
Leaders of Both Parties
Both parties have their leaders in the Congress, who are known as floor leaders.
Floor leaders are elected by their res
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
A.Charles Bridgeman
B.William Kent
C.John Vanbrugh
D.William Chambers
听力原文：M: Hello, Professor Ward speaking.
W: Hello. My name is Ann Smith. I'd like to get into your course on herbal plants.
M: I'm sorry, there are already too many students in that class.
W: Oh, it's a pity to hear that. But I really want to hear your lecture.
M: You can learn it the same time next year.
W: But I'm a student from another University, and I'll be here only 2 semesters. So if I couldn't register it this time, I'll miss it.
M: I see.
W: And the course isn't offered at my school and I think it would be interesting.
M: Have you studied much about botany？ It's very difficult, you know.
W: Yes, I am majoring in biology and I've also done some economic botany on my own.
M: Well. I'll do my best. Why don’t you come to my office next week？ I'll be in all day Wednesday. I can tell you more about the class and the other courses here.
W: Thanks a lot.
M: In any case, you'll have to see Professor Chambers to get his approval. If all else fails you can register for my courses in the spring. We cover many of the same topics then.
W: I'll be in Wednesday. Good-bye.
(23)
A．To find out about a professor.
B．To ask if she can register for a course.
C．To transfer to another school.
D．To find out about the botany department.
One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a workload. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their lawyers in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents' evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.
Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading--the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff(原告) gives up any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.
In coming years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to correct a situation which must be corrected if the citizens who have valid claims are going to be able to have their day in court.
The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.
A．narrow the issues
B．cause early settlements
C．save judicial time
D．increase settlement costs
Two examples to deal with water are Netherlands and Venice.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
