题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A．A disease can die, but never come back.
B．Cholera is a disease that doesn't cause infections.
C．A comeback disease is only restricted in one area.
D．The comeback of a disease is due to a combination of many factors,
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But to make life or death decisions on behalf of a dying person unable to communicate his or her wishes is to enter a moral and legal minefield. Could a doctor be sued for withholding treatment and allowing someone to die — or for not allowing him or her to die？ Could it ever be lawful to withhold food and water？
Legal moves are afoot which may settle these questions. Recently, a group on voluntary euthanasia proposed legislation to make documents known as "Advance Directives", or Living Wills, legally binding.
An Advance Directive sets out the kind of medical treatment a person wishes to receive, or not receive, should he or she ever be in a condition that prevents them expressing those wishes. Such documents, much in vogue in the US and some EU countries, are becoming increasingly popular in Britain.
A clear distinction must be drawn between actions requested by an Advance Directive, and active euthanasia, or "mercy killing". A doctor who took a positive step — such as giving a lethal injection — to help a patient die would, as the law stands, be guilty of murder or aiding and abetting suicide, depending On the circumstances.
An Advance Directive, however, requests only passive euthanasia: the withholding of medical treatment aimed solely at sustaining the life of a patient who is terminally ill or a vegetable (in a vegetative state). The definition of medical treatment, in such circumstances, Can include food and water.
The enforceability of the Advance Directive Stems from the notion, long accepted in English law, that a person who is both old enough to make an informed decision and compos mentis, is entitled to refuse any medical treatment offered by a doctor, even if that refusal leads to the person's death. A doctor who forces treatment on a patient against his or her wishes is, therefore, guilty of an assault. Case law exists in the US and several EU countries that extends this right of autonomy over one's life to patients who write an Advance Directive refusing treatment and subsequently lose their reason. There is no reason, based on public policy or English case law, why an English court should treat previously made instructions any differently.
It will be a relief over the death of a friend or a relative if the friend or relative dies from ______.
A．a traffic accident
B．an acute infectious disease
C．heart attack
D．a three-year cancer
回答题。
Can exercise be a bad thing？
Can exercise be a bad thing ？ Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion in the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 51 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 52 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 53 is very patchy ; only a national survey could determine the true 54 of sudden death in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in 55 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 56 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 57 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 58 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people 59 .particular be screened for signs of heart disease before 60 vigorous exercise ？
Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 61 undiagn0sed coronary heart disease, In North America 62 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 63 , and ECGs (心电图 ) are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 64 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 65 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.
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A.Then
B.Though
C.Since
D.Even
Health Care and Epidemics (流行病)
Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good health care. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.
Epidemics can change history. Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native American population.
People are very afraid of unknown things, especially diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won' t get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.
Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services.
In the plague (瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim' s houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting sick.
Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis, are spread when people' s sneeze (喷嚏) sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
Others are spread through human contact, such as on the hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person' s hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease enters the body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touch things in public buildings.
Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks.
One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms (症状) of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms of other, milder diseases. Influenza can be a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from another person; it doesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.
Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can make a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can ' t always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicine to prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.
Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination (接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from catching that
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Health Care and Epidemics
Everyone suffers from disease at some time or another. However, millions of people around the world do not have good health care. Sometimes they have no money to pay for medical treatment. Sometimes they have money, but there is no doctor. Sometimes the doctor does not know how to treat the disease, and sometimes there is no treatment. Some people are afraid of doctors. When all these conditions are present in large population centers, epidemics can start.
Epidemics can change history. Explorations and wars cause different groups of people to come into contact with other. They carry strange disease to each other. For example, when the Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the native American population.
People are very afraid of unknown things, especially diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat disease. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or garlic, you won't get sick. Others say you should take huge amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most of these theories. However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some people want antibiotics(a drug that is used to kill bacteria and cure infections) whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are useless against viruses.
Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease. Sometimes they fire them from their jobs, throw them out of their apartments, and refuse them transportation services. In the plague(瘟疫) epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the doors and windows of the victim's houses and left them to die inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting sick.
Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some, like tuberculosis(a serious infectious disease that affects many parts of your body, especially your lungs), are spread when people's sneeze sends the bacteria shooting out into the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
Others are spread through human contact, such as on the hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person's hand, and when that person, touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the disease enters the body. Some diseases spread when people touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can pick up a disease when you touch things in public buildings.
Other diseases are spread through insects such as flies, mosquitoes, arid ticks.
One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms of influenza include headache and sometimes a runny nose. Influenza can be a much serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people already suffering from another disease, such as heart problems. About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a fever. Flu is very contagious(传染性的). One person catches the flu from another person; it doesn't begin inside the body as heart disease does.
Sometimes medicine can relieve: the symptoms. That is, it can make a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can't always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases and no medicine to prevent them. People have to try to prevent them in other ways.
Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination(接种疫苗). A liquid vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person is safe from catching that disease. Other diseases can
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Trees should only be pruned (修剪, 整枝) when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential to make the wound on the tree which has been pruned smooth and clean for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually done in winter, for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and it is. too very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.
Pruning is probably usually done to______.
A．make the small branches thicker
B．get rid of the small branches
C．improve the shape of the tree
D．make the tree grow taller
Genetic Testing
Genetic testing is transforming medicine and the way families think about their health. As science uncovers the complicated secrets of DNA, we face difficult choices and new challenges. About Genetic Testing
The year was 1895 and Pauline Gross, a young actress, was scared. Gross knew nothing about the human-genome (基因组，染色体组) project--such medical triumphs, but she did know about a nasty disease called cancer, and it was running through her family. "I'm healthy now," she often told Dr. Aldred Warthin a pathologist at the University of Michigan, "but I fully expect to die an early death."
At the time, Gross's prediction was based solely on observation: family members had died of cancer; she would, too. Today, more than 100 years later, Gross's relatives have a much more clinical option: genetic testing. With a simple blood test, they can peer into their own DNA, learning--while still perfectly healthy--whether they carry an inheritable gene mutation (突变) that has dogged their family for decades and puts them at serious risk.
Take the Testing
Testing is just one piece of the genomic revolution. A major goal is to create new sophisticated therapies that home in on a disease's biological source, then fix the problem. Already, genes are helping to predict a patient's response to existing medications. A prime example, taken by Dr. Wylie Burke of the University of Washington, is a variant of a gene called TPMT, which can lead to life-threatening reactions to certain doses of chemotherapy (化学疗法). A genetic test can guide safe and appropriate treatment. Two genes have been identified that influence a person's response to some anti-blood-clotting drug. And scientists are uncovering genetic differences in the way people respond to other widely used medications, like antidepressants (搞抑郁药).
Knowing a patient's genotype, or genetic profile, may also help researchers uncover new preventive therapies for sticky diseases. At Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dr. Christopher Ross has tested several compounds shown to slow the progression of Huntington's in mice. Now he wants to test them in people who are positive for the Huntington's mutation but have not developed symptoms--a novel approach to clinical drug trials, which almost always involve sick people seeking cures. "We're using genetics to move from treating the disease after it happens," he says, "to preventing the worst symptoms of the disease before it happens."
It's not just their own health that people care about. There is also the desire to get rid of disease from the family tree. Therefore, the future is what drives many adults to the clinic. The gene tests currently offered for certain diseases, like breast cancer, affect only a small percentage of total cases. Inherited mutations contribute to just 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancers. But the impact on a single life can be huge. The key: being able to do something to ward off disease. "Genetic testing offers us profound insight," says Dr. Stephen Gruber, of the University of Michigan. "But it has to be balanced with our ability to care for these patients."
Genetic testing today starts at the earliest stages of life. Couples planning to have children can be screened prior to conception to see if they are carriers of genetic diseases; prenatal (产前) tests are offered during pregnancy, and states now screen newborns for as many as 29 conditions, the majority of them genetic disorders. For Jana and Tom Monaco, of Woodbridge, Va. , early testing has made an enormous difference in the lives of their children. Their journey began in 2001, when their seemingly healthy third child, 3-year-old Stephen, developed a life-threatening stomach virus that led to severe brain damage. His diagnosis: a rare but treatable disease called isovaleric acidemia (IVA). Unknowingly, Jana and her husband were carriers
A．stroke
B．cancer
C．SARS
D．AIDS
A 2009 study supported the idea that______.
A．physical inactivity may do harm to people's health
B．the length of time spent in taking exercises do matter
C．television viewers are more likely to die of heart diseases
D．thin teenagers are immune to disease caused by watching TV
What does the writer worry？
A．A cracked shinbone caused by too much running on hard pavement.
B．His suffering from a kind of women's disease at the age of more than 54.
C．His being close to a disease that causes older people to shrink in height and break bones easily.
D．His bones are weaker than average women.
The effect of becoming depressed about an illness is ______.
A．a slowing of the body's curative processes
B．a collapse of the autonomic nervous system
C．an emotional state that ranges from extremes of depression to happiness
D．an evident and gradual decrease in the physical symptoms of the disease
根据下面材料，回答题。
It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. We"ll know where we came from. Why does the universe exist？ To put it another way， why is there something instead of nothing？ Since the 1920s， scientists have known the universe is expanding， which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the time it was a fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decades， these theories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. We will have a better understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures and pressures of the early universe.
We"ll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. In 19th century operas， when the heroine coughs in the first act， the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. But thanks to 20th century antibiotics， the once dreaded， once incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work at the molecular level， many serious diseases——cancer， for one- will become less threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses， doctors will be able to replace cancer causing damaged DNA
with healthy genes， probably administered by a pill or injection.
We"ll live longer （120 years？） If the normal aging process is basically a furious， invisible contest in our cells- a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair that damage- then 21st century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process. But before we push scientists to do more， consider: Do we really want to live in a world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold only so many people？
Where would new ideas come from？ What would we do with all that extra time？
We"ll "manage" Earth. In the next millennium， well stop talking about the weather but will do something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the Earth，its climate and its ecosystems. And with that knowledge will come an increasing willingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.
We"ll have "a brain road map". This is the real "final frontier" of the 21st century: The brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons （roughly the number of stars in the Milky Way）， each connected to as many as 1，000 others. Early in the next century， we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to produce detailed maps of the neurons in operation. We"ll be able to say with certainty which ones are working when you read a word， when you say a word， when you think about a word， and so on.
The sentence "In 19th century operas， when the heroine coughs in the first act， the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3" means__________. 查看材料
A.there was not antibiotics at that time
B.tuberculosis was a terrible disease that couldn"t be cured during 19th century
C.the health of the heroine was very poor
D.this was a common situation in the 19th century operas
