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process, consumers can change their minds about and choose an alternative route．For
40__________
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A.consume
B.consumption
C.consumed
D.consumers
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Customer Behaviour
0 The consumer is the focus of all retail business and it is important to appreciate how
00 consumers are influenced in their buying decisions．Most of consumers, before making a
34 purchase, gather information and evaluate with the alternatives, but the extent to which
35 they look for information depends on the type of purchase．For example, in the case of
36 routine grocery purchases most consumers respond．to automatically．However, for
37 purchases where the risk of making the wrong decision is greater, like buying a new
38 car, so the search for information is more important．The decision to purchase is never a
39 single decision but a number of these separate decisions, and at any time during this
40 process, consumers can change their minds about and choose an alternative route．For
41 example, although a consumer may have decided where to buy a product only to realize
42 at the last moment that this is, in fact, having the wrong choice．The price in the store may
43 be too high or the staff unhelpful．On the other hand, a lack of queues, favourable credit
44 facilities and efficient staff all lead to a too positive impression, so retailers should
45 remember how difficulties in these areas that can affect a sale or even lose a customer permanently.
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An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be a bit up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-oriented economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
In Line 9, Para.1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ______.
A．Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
B．Americans tend to overstate their incomes
C．Americans want to have their incomes increased
D．Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
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Irradiating Food
Irradiating fruits, vegetables, pork and chicken to kill insects and bacteria has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration over the past decade or so. Irradiation of other meats, such as beef and lamb, is being reviewed. Federal approval does not require that industry adopt the process,and few food processors presently offer irradiated products.＜br＞
Market studies have shown that many consumers are afraid that eating irradiated foods may cause cancer, despite scientific studies that prove the safety of treated foods. Some people argue that more severe government inspection, higher food-safety standards, and more careful-preparation practices by consumers are all that is needed to ensure that food is safe. Consequently, companies currently see no need to spend millions of dollars outfitting processing plants with the equipment necessary for a process that very few shoppers are in favor of.＜br＞
All supermarkets that sell irradiated food must label the food either directly on the packaging,or, in the case of bulk items like fruits and vegetables, by placing a sign nearby. There is no requirement for the labeling of irradiated food served by chain restaurants or hospitals that buy directly from distributors, nor any regulations for products that contain irradiated ingredients.＜br＞
Presently, the FDA allows food to be treated with three types of radiation--gamma rays,high-energy electrons, and X rays -- and sets limits on doses, depending on the type of food. The principle is that the dose to be used for a certain type of food should not exceed the amount that is sufficient to kill most harmful insects and bacteria present in it. Different types of food, because of their molecular compositions, may require different doses of radiation.＜
According to the passage， killing insects and bacteria present in foods by irradiating is not completely approved by the US government. 查看材料
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are the busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customer for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ______.
A．withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
B．obtain more convenient services than ordinary people do
C．enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
D．cash money where he wishes to
听力原文： Michael Dell, the 39-year-old chairman and founder of Dell Computer, was at the top of the annual list of the "40 Richest Americans under the Age 40". His first business idea was to take apart an Apple computer in the bedroom of his parents' Houston, Texas home. From there, he went on selling computers out of his dorm room. He had developed a brand new approach to do business: sell computers directly to the consumers without going through retailers. And, in the process, he decided to design and deliver a computer based upon the customers' special needs. Prior to this there was absolutely no idea about make the PC special for each customer. In 1984, he founded the Dell Computer Corporation with US $1,000.
Dell gave a short version of his success secrets at a conference in Texas. He said:" First of all, don't start a business just because everybody else is doing it or it looks like it's a way to make a lot of money. Start a business because you found something you really love doing and have a passion for. Start a business because you found something unique that you can do better than anyone else. And start a business because you really want to make a big contribution to society over a long period of time."
(33)
A．Between the age of 20 to 30.
B．Between the age of 30 to 40.
C．Between the age of 40 to 50.
D．Between the age of 50 to 60.
Recycling
One of the most important changes in how modern societies respond to the problems of waste and its disposal is the development of techniques and processes for recycling materials that have been thrown away. Of course, recycling means that the material was cycled before. What the word really means is that the material has gone from a raw material to a factory or production process to use by a consumer. Most plastics, for example, began as crude oil from oil wells. A manufacturing process changes some of the chemicals in oil to plastics. The plastics are made into thousands of products and sent on to consumers who use them. When consumers are finished with their plastic bottles or toys or packages, they throw them away.
Unfortunately, as we often see on automobile bumper stickers, "Throw it away？ There is no away." What that means, of course, is that as we produce more and more waste, safe and easy places to put it are be coming fewer and fewer. Moreover, oil for plastics, trees for paper, and coal and oil to make heat for glass and metal production are also becoming harder to find and more expensive. One solution that can help solve problems of both supply and disposal is recycling, or using the same material more than once.
As an idea, recycling has been around for a long time. In fact, we might say that it has always been around, as long as people have used something after it has been used for something else. Using a coconut shell as a container after the coconut has been eaten may have occurred long ago. Glass jars are used to store screws or nails in many homes. Many industries have reused materials. Steel mills have added old steel to their furnaces, and glass companies have done the same with old glass. Paper has also been reused. In recent years, however, recycling is being seen as a more and more important way to reduce waste and the use of raw materials.
Many cities in the United States have begun recycling programs for household waste. Household waste, or the trash and garbage that we throw away from our homes, is made up mostly of paper. Food is the second largest part, but glass and metal are the next largest. Together, paper, glass, and metal make up almost 75 percent of the trash we throw away. If we could recycle much of that, we could greatly reduce the amount of trash we have to find a place for.
Some governments are also requiring more recycling. Japan already recycles about 50 percent of its household trash. The German government now has a very strict law requiring that most plastics and metal be recycled. This law has made a big change in the way automobiles are built and sold. Under the new law, automobile manufacturers must buy a car back when it is no longer useful. The car must then be separated into materials that can be recycled—metals, plastics, glass, and so on. This law has made automobile manufacturers think more carefully about the kinds of materials that go into automobiles and how those materials are used.
Recycling does not always go smoothly. Sometimes industries are not able to use all of the old material that is available.If paper manufacturers cannot use all of the old paper that is available, there will be no one to buy it and it will still have to be thrown away. The same is true for many metals and plastics. In Germany, problems have developed with their new law, because more materials are being recovered than manufacturers of new items can use. The government has to buy these materials, and it is costing a lot of money.
Closely related to the problem of usability is the problem of cost of recovery. There are many types of plastics, and not all of them can be reused or reused together. They have to be separated, cleaned, and sorted. Automobiles are made up of many types of metals and plastics. Separating all of these materials and recovering them for re
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
A.many
B.little
C.no
D.none
A.trend of
B.trend towards
C.represent of
D.representative of
[＜center＞＜strong＞The packing＜/strong＞＜/center]
The function of packing mainly shows as follows : packing can be used to protect the goods and keep them as good and complete as they are shipped in the circulation field; packing makes it convenient for stoiing, taking care of, transporting, loading, unloading the goods;strong packing can prevent the goods from being stolen and damaged; reasonable packing can lessen shipping space and save freight. Marketing packing makes it convenient for consumers to select, carry, or use the goods. Marketing packing can also beautify the commodity, attract consumers, expand sales and increase the gains on foreign exchange. In addition to all those mentioned above, packing of the goods, in a sense,incarnates the level of a country's economic construction, science and technology, culture and art, etc.
In order to satisfy the rapid development of our foreign trade,we should grasp the latest achievement of packing science, do well in our export trade, and try to make our packing more scientific, economical, strong, merchantable, and pleasing to the eyes, and do our utmost to increase the foreign exchange eamings. So the following points should be complied with.
We should greatly strengthen the research into packing materials, packing contains and packing methods, in which we should not only attach importance to many years' experience in our packing work but also earnestly study the advanced experience of foreign countries, and start from the reality of our country to continuously improve our commodity packing work.
We should carefully study the packing characteristics, developing tendency and relative packing regulations and decrees in intemational markets so as to make the packing of our export commodity adapted to marketing requirements and consumption habits. Especially we should pay close attention to the needs for our packaging decorations of the goods in foreign supermarkets, and the reasonable stipulations on packing of import countries , thus increasing our commodity sales.
We should strengthen the study of the design for packaging decorations, improve packing techniques, blaze new trails, and continuously increase the artistic level of packing.
We should realize the standardization of our exporting commodity packing and unification of materials, specifications, capacities, standards and sealing methods, only in this way can it be easy to measure,identify,load,unload and transport the goods, so as to promote the smooth fulfillment of business.
On possible conditions, we should properly make acquisition of advanced technology from abroad to help produce the high level and advanced packing materials which we can not make by our technology process,in order to meet the requirements of the international market for high level packaging materials.
Specifically speaking, we should study the packing from both protective and promotional aspects. This kind of product production needed in one market may differ from that needed elsewhere. A hot, humid climate probably requires a package different from that needed in a cooler, drier area. The kind of transportation and ways of handling the product can also dictate package differences. Stronger protection must be built into package if it will be subjected to bad roads, long distances and frequent or rough handling. Long and slow distribution channels also increase the demands on the package. If one market has a three-month cycle of production to final consumption and another market has a six-month cycle , the latter market probably will require a more durable and expensive package. This is especially true if the market with a slow distribution cycle also has bad transportation and other conditions punishing to packages, as is frequently the case. For the reason the poorer countries may require more expensive packaging in spite of' their lower purchasing power. In addition to these conditions within the channel,the way the final buyer uses the product will also affect the package. If the buyer has a slow usage rate and lacks appropriate storage facilities,the demands on the package are increased.
Promotional aspects of packaging, those attributes which help persuade channel members to handle the product and consumers to buy it, often vary among markets, too. Channel members want minimum breakage and theft , plus ease of handling. The retailer is concemed about shelf storage and display. A country with a large number of very small retail outlets may want a package different from the one desired by a country where self- service supermarkets are popular. Because of shopping habit and retail structure, most of the detergent sold in France , Germany , and Spain is packed in three-and-one-half kilogram round drum.
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